Ah, you thought I will let you go to the next decade without a “year in review” post? No so fast my friend, not so fast.
[This post is a bit long by our standards, but full of gooey excel goodness. So get a cup of coffee or choco and get going]
January 2009
The year 2009 has been pivotal in PHD’s life. It all started with a friendly email from Microsoft on Jan 1st telling me that PHD become an MVP. I felt wonderful knowing that. Even though the award meant little in terms of benefits, it is a great tribute to our little community and the passion we share here.
Later in the first week we wrote a post on how to make combination charts in excel. The discussion on combo charts continued throughout the year, so much that when I posted a holiday greeting card at the end of the year, Santhosh, one of our regulars said that they card looked like a combo chart.
Most importantly we have crossed the milestone of 2000 RSS subscribers in the Jan 2009. To celebrate that I posted one hundred excel tips. That was fun (plus Jo hated me for sitting in front of computer that long).
February
February is fun. I started off the month with an excel twitter client. Which became a wild hit on internet (ok, not so wild, but few of the other blogs in excel community did mention it. Also, JP, the rockstar VBA blogger at codeforoutlookandexcel made an add-in out of it)
Later in the month I got too excited to discover that you can use excel data filters to make a dynamic chart. By far the cheapest and easiest way to make a dynamic chart. We continued the discussion on dynamic charts for the rest of the year and posted several ways to make them.
March
I celebrated the one year anniversary of “conditional formatting rockstar” post by writing 5 more posts on excel conditional formatting. The series started with conditional formatting basics and went on to talk about how you can solve 4 most common problems using excel CF.
We also started writing about excel array formulas and continued that discussion off and on. Array formulas area fun and easy to write (once you have the basics right).
April
This has been a dull month what with my transfer from India to Sweden and sudden lack of internet connectivity. Despite all that we wrapped our first visualization contest on budget vs actual charts and posted some really excellent charting alternatives to the familiar problem.
PHD is also featured on Lifehacker for the Excel Formulas Errors – How to handle them? post.
May
We have proposed “Tweetboards” as an alternative to traditional dashboards and generated good bit of discussion in May. Later several readers emailed me their tweetboard implementations. Slowly tweetboards are spreading in the wild 😉
We also rounded up all the Excel 2007 Productivity Tips.
June
I have stared the Project Management using Excel series in this month with Project Management Gantt Charts. The 6+1 posts soon became legendary and helped me launch the project management templates. In total these posts had more than 200 comments, 150k page views in a short time.
June also was the best month PHD’s history as the blog got featured again on Lifehacker and Delicious home pages for the Excel Mouse Tricks post. Later that month we have rounded up all the techniques you can use to convert excel files to pdfs.
July
We focused on charting more and had the 14 skills you must have for making better charts. I have also written about the all too familiar sumif with multiple criteria problem and some formula solutions for it.
Later that month my post on Using Excel Goal Seek and Finding how much you need for retirement got mentioned in Lifehacker and fetched me a ton of new visitors.
August
Thanks to Aaron, who guest posted about excel waterfall charts in August. In august, I have turned my attention towards the pivot tables and wrote Excel Pivot Tables Tutorial. I have been playing with pivots off and on for a while and this post was my first serious attempt to explore the features. Later I wrote more about them and I am planning to explore pivot tables further in 2010.
In august, we have also crossed the 5000 RSS subscriber mark and celebrated it with a huge contest. Later that month I have wrapped up all the contest entries in the Excel Formulas – 29 tips post.
September
I have started the month with a discussion on Pareto Charts and how to make them in excel. Later that month I wrote about Excel Data Tables features. Both of these posts attracted a lot of discussion and helped me learn valuable new tricks in excel.
Later that month, on September 24th, I became a dad. My life has been the most wonderful and beautiful ever since.
October
In October we wrapped up the project management series with a Project Status Dashboards using Excel. Later that month I have launched the project management templates for excel product. I met several new customers and started to believe that I can make a living out of this blog.
November
In November, we started our most ambitious visualization challenge ever with the Zoho Sales Data Visualization challenge. We now have more than 30 excellent entries and I am waiting for Jan4th when we announce the voting for winner.
Also I have posted about the sumproduct formula and reviewed excel 2010.
December
We started the month with a discussion on using drawing shapes along with charts to make better dashboards. Later in the month I have written about making a quick thermo-meter chart and posted alternatives to compare targets using charts.
Finally I have released the free 2010 calendar excel for you to download and print copies.
To wrap up,
I liked this year thoroughly. Personally it has been nothing short of an exciting ride. We became parents, Jo got promoted, we purchased small piece of land (where we are going to build our dream house) and things couldn’t be better.
Blogwise, the year is equally exciting. I am extremely thankful to all of you for being there for me and encouraging me to learn and share. I met several new people thru this medium and made new friends.
I hope the year had been a memorable experience for you as well.
I sincerely wish you a prosperous new year 2010. Thank you.
PS: Those of you who visited the site yesterday must have seen the nagging “Database error”. I am sorry, but there was a problem when I moved the blog to a different server and the DB went down for almost 24 hours. Now it is up and running smoothly. Let me know if you see something funny.
83 Responses to “Merge Cells without Losing Data [Quick Tip]”
Yes, but with your VBA sub, you end up with a delim which should be trimmed.
Unfortunately, the company I work for is using Excel 2003 and the function will not work.
@Gerdami... I know the mistake in code. I left in on as when you concatenate such text, 99% of time you are doing it for cosmetic reasons, so an extra space wouldnt hurt + I wanted to keep the code easy to understand for our readers.
@Steve... I am not sure if that is the case. I just tested the code in Excel 2003 and it works fine. May be when you copied it, all the quotation marks ' " are replaced by wrong characters?
Chandoo, why do you provide screenshots with Excel 2007 and still continue to use Excel 2003 when Excel 2010 is out 🙂
I saw the article about you on msn. It was very inspiring. Thats how I came to know about your blog. You should also check out my blog sometime though I'm just a beginner.
Thanks.
Don't worry Chandoo, thanks for sharing this.
One more gem from Chandoo! Thanks for sharing it 🙂
Wow, I can't remember coming across this Fill>Justify tip before. Nice one. I checked Excel 2003, 2007, 2010, and Mac versions 2008, and 2011 to see if it works and it did. Amazing!
I did have to replace ‘ with ' to designate comments, and
” “ with " " in the Const declaration before my compiler would okay the code.
I did not of Fill/justify before. I noticed it could also split wrapped up text in a cell in multiple cells.
It's much different than setting horizontal text alignment to "Justify" in the format cell dialog.
Personnaly, assuming the text is in column 1, I would use =A1&" "&A2. Copy the formula down to the last row than copy/paste value the result.
Sebastien
This is a wonderful tip! Too bad it only works in Excel 2007! Keep them coming.
Don't recollect the Fill->Justify earlier and to have wasted all that time..........grrrrrrrrrrrrrr
Thanks!
Face this problem many a times.
Many of us face 'another' problem. It's actually lose and not loose. Funny how often this mistake is committed.
cheers,
PSL
Hi Chandoo
Would you consider covering the general topic of converting 2003 VBA code to 2007/10 in a future newsletter - ie what is the process of converting 2003 macros and situations like this?
Cheers
John
@PSL: Oops, I didnt realize the mistake in spelling. Fixed it now. Sadly, the url will retain an extra o.
@Godwin: Because I have all 3 versions installed on my comp!
@Sebastian: I used to the same thing (write =a1&" "&a2 and drag) a while ago. Then I ended up writing a small UDF called as CONCAT that accepts ranges as input and concatenates text in that. It is such a timesaver. Get it here: http://chandoo.org/wp/2008/05/28/how-to-add-a-range-of-cells-in-excel-concat/
@Ninad, Prakash: Thank you. I am happy you like this.
@Kamarrah: It works in Excel 2003 too.
@John: I think all macros written in 2003 work in 2007 without any changes in behavior. I may be wrong. I am not an expert in macros, but I will try to put-together an article on what you asked.
@Chandoo,
Below is your code modified to remove the loop which concatenates the output text together (note that this method does not produce a trailing delimiter in the output string like your code does)...
Sub JoinAndMerge()
' Joins all the content in selected cells
' and puts the resulting text in top most cell
' then merges all cells
Const Delimiter = " "
On Error Resume Next
With Selection
.Item(1).Value = Join(WorksheetFunction.Transpose(Selection), Delimiter)
.Item(2).Resize(Selection.Count - 1).Clear
.Merge
.HorizontalAlignment = xlGeneral
.VerticalAlignment = xlCenter
.WrapText = True
End With
End Sub
I have a question though... I left it in (because you included it), but why are you setting the WrapText property to True?
@Rick... Good modification. I tried to use Join but failed several times. It didnt occur to me that I need to transpose the data. Thanks for sharing it.
I used the WrapText option so that if the merged text becomes too large, it would wrap nicely inside the cell. I am not sure if without that option the merged content would be visible completely. What do you think?
Oops, it does work in 2003
Don't worry Steve, the problem is with the strange quotes ‘ ” “ displayed on this page.
@Chandoo,
The reason I asked why were you setting the the WrapText property to True was because of this instruction you gave above...
2. Adjust the column width so that you can fit all
contents in one cell. (basically make it wide enough)
If this instruction is followed, then there would be no need to wrap the text. By the way, we can modify this code to handle merging across a single row instead of down a column...
Sub JoinAndMerge()
Const Delimiter = " "
On Error Resume Next
With Selection
.Item(1).Value = Join(WorksheetFunction.Index(Selection.Value, 1, 0), Delimiter)
.Item(2).Resize(1, Selection.Count - 1).Clear
.Merge
.HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter
.VerticalAlignment = xlGeneral
.WrapText = True
End With
End Sub
And, if we want to generalize the code to handle either a selection down a column or across a row automatically, then this code will do that...
Sub JoinAndMerge()
Const Delimiter = " "
On Error Resume Next
With Selection
If Selection.Rows.Count > 1 Then
.Item(1).Value = Join(WorksheetFunction.Transpose(Selection), Delimiter)
.Item(2).Resize(Selection.Count - 1).Clear
.HorizontalAlignment = xlGeneral
.VerticalAlignment = xlCenter
Else
.Item(1).Value = Join(WorksheetFunction.Index(Selection.Value, 1, 0), Delimiter)
.Item(2).Resize(1, Selection.Count - 1).Clear
.HorizontalAlignment = xlCenter
.VerticalAlignment = xlGeneral
End If
.Merge
.WrapText = True
End With
End Sub
Note that I still retained the WrapText property setting statement (in both of these routines).
Hi Chandoo,
In your latest comment on merging cells, what are the pros and cons of using concatenate command instead of the VBA?
Also, I found a relatively simple link to merge text in cells--check this out
http://www.contextures.com/xlCombine01.html
I got to work! Yeah Chandoo thanks.
Hello Chandoo.
There is a old trick to do that.
If you have the data in a1:a5, select b1:b5 and merge the cells, copy b1:b5, select a1:a5 and Paste Special - Format then you have a1:a5 merged but the individual data in a1:a5 still remains there. If you split the cells a1:a5 you see the individual data again, even with the cells merged you can refers one of them individually.
Kind Regards. César.
Hi Chandoo,
Thank you and I need opposite action to this
If a cell contains multiople data (abc123, def456) seperated by coma/space needs to be splited into new rows below (a new row should be inserted below and the data should be populated) could you suggest...
Cheers, Chandru...
This is the macro I use.
It accounts for columns and rows and will work with normal formulas. Selection must be contiguous. (but that's a given, since we're merging the cells)
Sub MergeCells()
Dim result As String
For Each cell In Selection.Cells
If Not cell.Value = vbNullString Then
result = result & Trim(cell.Value) & " "
End If
Next
Application.CutCopyMode = False
With Selection
.Clear
.HorizontalAlignment = xlLeft
.VerticalAlignment = xlTop
.WrapText = True
.MergeCells = True
End With
Selection.Cells(1, 1).Value = result
End Sub
Hi chandoo,
I know one formual to merge the cell in excel woth out losing data, but dnt know how to update here, Pls guide me.
And thanks a lot beca i am very curious to know abt xcel and here ia m learning so many new things.
Merge Cells without Losing Data :
I make macros for this :
Sub lastrow()
Dim lastrow
lastrow = Range("b" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp).Row + 1
Range("B" & lastrow) = Range("A6") + Range("A7")============= Range Can be multiple like range ("A5"), Range("A8") Etc.
End Sub
its very simple to merge cells you can watch it on the next tutrial:
http://www.thebestdata.com/zoom.aspx?menutype=1&auto=2189
Merge cells in Excel 2010
Here is one for you!! I'm still trying to figure out how to make it work.
Just take say 400 rows and 14 to 16 narrow columns as if you were making a bar chart, then merge every second column vertically and fill it in with color. Some of the verticals can be split two or three times vertically. The entire page will probably freeze before you get the columns complete.
Now try and work out a solution the page freeze.
Help! I've used Fill/Justify for years. Just "upgraded" to Excel 2010 for Windows. Cant find Fill Justify. Help!! Microsoft Help is worthless...
Thanks!
@Tim... It is still there. In home riboon, under Fill Option. Press ALT +hfij to access it.
Chandoo, How did you get this ? what made you increase width and select all cells and click fill > justify?? Do you have tie up with Microsoft developers 😉
[...] Merge Several Cells without Loosing Data [macros] Spread some love,It makes you awesome! Tweet [...]
Dear Chandoo,
Many Thanks for all the tips & tricks... i'm learning a lot about excel through this..
just one quick question:
how do you show the steps as a gif animation image? do you use any software? if yes, which one? even i'm curious to create some gif animations which i can show in my ppt 🙂
thanks a ton mate... & wish you & ur family a very happy diwali... 😀
regards
raghu
@Raghu
The aimated images are Animated GIF files
I believe that Chandoo uses TechSmith's, Camtasia Pro screen capture software, although there are a number of screen capture utilities that do the same thing.
What if I want to merge the cells but keep the paragraph formating so instead of one cell with "big fat cell with lots of text"
"big
fat
cell
with
lots
of
text"
Thanks
@Megan
a very simple modification to Chandoo's code will do the trick
.
Sub JoinAndMerge()Dim outputText As String
delim = Chr(10) 'This is the only change
On Error Resume Next
For Each cell In Selection
outputText = outputText & cell.Value & delim
Next cell
With Selection
.Clear
.Cells(1).Value = outputText
.Merge
.HorizontalAlignment = xlGeneral
.VerticalAlignment = xlCenter
.WrapText = True
End With
End Sub
I cannot get that to work. Is ther some kinda code for inserting a new paragraph kinda like using alt enter when your typing in a cell?
gotta use delim = vbLf
The macro you provide is great and will save me a lot of frustration, but for some reason it seems to strip all of the formatting from the text (font, font size, font color) in the newly merged cell. Is it possible to modify it so that it maintains the original formatting of the cell?
Hi folks,
Pls dont worry all about this...
just omit all the above comments..
-----------------
Just copy all the cells content whichever you need and paste it in notepad,wordpad,or msword and copy all those data from the wordfile and click inside the required cell in excel and paste it...
___________________________
thats it.... All the best
Great help! Keep Rocking (;
Hi chandoo,
I have doubt in excel VBA macro code. can u help me with it.My problem is:
I have multiple vertical cells with values in alternate (leaving 1 cell gap between 2 values)positions eg:
Date
A1: 02/Nov/2011
A2:
A3: 04/Oct/2011
A4:
A5: 12/Oct/2011
A6:
A7: 25/May/2011
21/Oct/2011
now please let me know how do I copy it to the other workbook vertically(continuously) without a gap of 1 cell inbetween 2 values.
The result is supposed to be this:
Date
A1: 02/Nov/2011
A2: 04/Oct/2011
A3: 12/Oct/2011
A4: 25/May/2011
A5: 21/Oct/2011
In sheet 1, select all the cells A1:A10,
press F5
Select Special
Choose Constants
Click ok
Press CTRL+C
Now go to Sheet 2 and Paste
Why not just a simple formula
in Date!A1 put
`=OFFSET(Sheet1!$A$1,2*ROW()-2,)`
thanks for the suggession,
but im trying it with vba. Can u please help me in this regard
hi chandoo,
this is my new problem, i solved the old one.
first i want to search for a string in an existing workbook, if it is found then i need to copy the range below it(till the data is present) into a new workbook using VBA.
Hi, I have a question related to this thread. I have a need to merge columns of data into one cell, with no data loss, but need two additional features: first is to comma seprate the contents of each of the merged cells once they are in the merged cell. second is to do this for individual rows, but whilst selecting multiplw rows - I mean only merge per row into one cell. for example, i want to be able to run the macro by selecting all rows in my worksheet, but have columns merged per row, not all rows and columns merged into one cell in teh top left of the sheet. ie I want a finished sheet of one column with the same number of rows but the columns from each row meged into the first cell of each row.
the closest i have come is with a previous post:
1. Nikki says:
December 20, 2010 at 8:36 pm
This is the macro I use.
It accounts for columns and rows and will work with normal formulas. Selection must be contiguous. (but that’s a given, since we’re merging the cells)
Sub MergeCells()
Dim result As String
For Each cell In Selection.Cells
If Not cell.Value = vbNullString Then
result = result & Trim(cell.Value) & ” ”
End If
Next
Application.CutCopyMode = False
With Selection
.Clear
.HorizontalAlignment = xlLeft
.VerticalAlignment = xlTop
.WrapText = True
.MergeCells = True
End With
Selection.Cells(1, 1).Value = result
End Sub
this macro merges all selected columns and rows into the one cell, I want to be able to select multiple columns and rows, but only have row by row merged.
Additionally, ideally as the merge is completed i would like to insert a comma between each of the merged cells contents, once it is merged.
hope I have explained this ok?
any help is much appreciated!
Did you ever solve this?? I need to do the same thing and am lost.
@Frustratedguy
Have you tried this: http://chandoo.org/wp/2008/05/28/how-to-add-a-range-of-cells-in-excel-concat/
Also check the comments as there are lots of extensions to the basic post in the comments
If that doesn't help can you post or email me a sample file?
Hi Chandoo,
Can you tell me how to merge columns without losing the data in the format given below:
column A column b
row 1: abcd xyz
required format:
column A
row 1: abcd xyz
It would save a great amount of my time if i could get a solution to this!
Hi Jo Saave,
you can get the data in col a & col b concatenated in col c. if you need to get the merged data back in col a then you may have to copy paste.
the formula (in col A1) would be =A1&B1"
if you need the space between char in A1 & B1 then it would be
=A1&" "&B1"
hope this helps
regards
raghu
Brilliant!
The Macro works fine and good once the wrong characters are replaced with the correct quotation marks. Thanks, but when the length of the cell is high then values in the two cells will merge in single line. For this I have move to the end of each value and give alt+ enter to move the second value to the next line. Then how to resolve this?
Hi Chandoo -
Thanks for this!
Quick question: I have one column with a list of about 1000 names. Each row is a different name but some rows belong to one family. I am trying to separate each family. In order to do this, I am using your JoinAndMerge() macro. Essentially, I am merging the rows that belong to one family so that they become one cell. I will then use this and use Avery wizard (is that the easiest way to do it?) to print off the names on a avery sticker sheet.
However, when I merge the rows of names, I still need them to be in separate lines. I could do it manually with the char(10) function, but I imagine I could edit your macro a little.
What would you advise here?
Thanks a lot!
Mana
@Mana
I definitely would advise not to use Merge
I would add a new helper/ assistant column called Family
The add a formula to that to add family as appropriate
Hi All,
Any body can sujjest a VBA code for this: use logical condition in other words if column 1 with same information in different rows then join the column 3 with all rows can be joined with a comma delimiter. Here is the Example:
Input
No
Year
Text
A-1
2012
AB
A-1
2012
CD
A-1
2012
EF
B-2
2011
AB
B-2
2011
CD
B-2
2011
EF
Output should be
No
Year
Text
A-1
2012
AB, CD, EF
B-2
2011
AB, CD, EF
Hi All
There is a simple and easy way to merge celles without losing the entire data
=CONCATENATE(cell1,cell2)
thats it
hope it's helpfull
forget something that you add this formula in the next column
regards,
yasser
I was planning to write an email to following addresses:
sdkjfhds@msn.com
kjdafhk@gmail.com
jfh@gmail.com
jhdfjah@djsldf.com
in excel, then I added A1 & ", " to B1 and then I noticed here. Result is perfect.
I have never noticed that fill button before 🙂
You may have already answered this question, but I am such a newbie to excel I am not sure.
I have two columns, A & B.
Column A is the Family Number. (1k family numbers)
Column B is the Unique Name. (50k unique names)
All the Unique Names in Column B need to be merged into 1 single cell according to the Family Number in Column A. I tried using "Justify" but it wraps the names onto multiple rows because I can't make the column wide enough.
I am using excel 2007.
Thank you!
Whitney
Hi Whitney,
See this: http://chandoo.org/wp/2008/05/28/how-to-add-a-range-of-cells-in-excel-concat/
Thank you Mr. Chandoo, it appears you have the answer I need and it will save me many hours of work. Unfortunately my excel skills are so weak that I don't understand where to begin. I will try to find a class on excel programming basics so that I can learn how to implement your suggestion.
Thank you
Whitney
i keep getting a syntax error. and how do i use this?
is there any other fuction that can be used that has the same effect but there will be spce between them?
eg. cat dog and not catdog
@NaaG
See this: http://chandoo.org/wp/2008/05/28/how-to-add-a-range-of-cells-in-excel-concat/
Nice trick
Hi sir i just want a clarification from you that im preparing a travel schedule that consist of onward details and return details .. i just sorted the list based on onward date and time and now i just wanted to insert in the records in word using directory technique. everythng is ok but what the problem is im getting the list in order one below the other but i need 1 2 3 in this way not as
1
2
3
please help me in this regard
great work.. Thanx.. 🙂
We can use conconate function....to merge any cells,,,with text
This is easily possible if the data is in 2 columns. You can use this tool http://www.anotherwaytodothis.com/excel-merge/combine-join-cells.php to merge cells even with data in them.
Very Easy One Thanks,,,:)
[...] This code has been written by Chandoo, you read more ways to tackle this issue on his blog here. [...]
Is it possible to apply this macro to all rows of a 5 x 50 set of data? Sorry, I'm very inexperienced with macros.
Good.
The best solution for my need.
Rgds,
Sumit
@Sumit
Have a read of the posts here:
http://dailydoseofexcel.com/?s=closed+workbook
They have discussed this issue several times
Hello
In a sheet where each column has different conditional formatting, is it possible, in VBA, to merge cells vertically without loosing the conditionnal formatting?
Thank you
Hi thank you very much for the macro, that is a gem!!!
I wanted to know if instead of using selection but if i would like to add a preset range, how do i rewrite the code for this?
For example?
instead of "For Each cell In Selection"
i would like to merge data in a predetermined cell that will not moved.
A1: Apple
A2: orange
A3: banana
A4: Chocolate
A5: Coffee
A6: Tea
A7: Red
A8: Pink
A9: yellow
to become:
apple orange banana <-- as one cell
chocolate coffee tea <-- as one cell
red pink yellow <-- as one cell
Can you pleaseee help me? thank youuuu
how do i do this?
Works Perfectly for me 🙂
Hello Chandoo, this macro works great for my spreadsheet needs, however, a column with several ranges [+5,000] of rows that are needed to apply this VBA takes a lot of time and effort, so deciding to use a colored and alternated background for each range in order to visualize which range needs to be joined and merged easily, is there a way on the VBA to grab each range with the same background to run the VBA and continue with the next range on the different background color until it runs to the end of the last row/range? Thank you.
I have conditional formatting relying on a date where the cell is merged because I had to add another row in order to have the sub contractors listed separately. For example, I have rows 2 and 3 for a task and columns A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O and P are all merged however once you get to column Q, R, S, T, U they are no longer merged to show the distinction between the 2 different sub contractors on the task. Column V is merged again. My problem is Column I which is the expiration date of the task is the condition to turn all the cells to the color requested. Because column I is merged the first subcontractor in Row 2, Column Q, R, S, T, U will turn the color but the second sub contractor in Row 3, Column Q, R, S, T and U will not turn the color requested. It will only happen if I don't merge the Column I which has the expiration date and I put the date in both cells (2 and 3). PLEASE HELP IVE BEEN WORKING ON THIS FOR 3 DAYS!!!!!!
Reply
Dear all
how I repeat the word with simple shortcut how I create a macro in it. Like "Pakistani is great" this line is use many time in my sheet how can I make shortcut for it??
thank you so much , fill and justify function helped me and saved lot of time..
thank you .....??
I get in the above cases, the content is being merged from multiple cells into one cell, but how can you merge the content of multiple cells WITHOUT losing the format of the text in those multiple cells into one cell, especially if the final result will result in having more than 255 characters, thus the TEXT property of the CHARACTERS object on the final cell will NOT be available.